Supply chain disruption risk usually poses a serious challenge to the management of emergency supplies procurement between government and enterprises in cooperation. To research impact supply on demand sides for disaster relief, model based quantity flexibility contract is constructed. The introduces stockout measure degree uses per unit material relief value quantify benefits. Further, it anal...

I a stylized model of biopharmaceutical contract manufacturing, this paper shows how the potential for renegotiation influences the optimal structure of supply contracts, investments in innovation and capacity, the way scarce capacity is allocated, and firms’ resulting profits. Two buyers contract for capacity with a common manufacturer. Then, the buyers invest in innovation (product developmen...

Motivated by the influenza vaccine industry, we study a supply chain contracting problem under the presence of uncertainties that are related to product design, delivery, and demand, respectively. The supply chain consists of a manufacturer and a retailer, where the retailer places an order before the flu season starts and the manufacturer decides on when to produce the products. Because produc...

We consider a supply chain consisting of one supplier selling through one retailer who faces a newsvendor problem. There is a positive probability that the retailer is capable of gaining improved demand information through costly forecasting. The supplier would like to induce the retailer to forecast and share that information. Restricting the retailer’s ability to return unsold product would i...

We study single and multi-period quantity flexible contracts involving one demand forecast update in each period and a spot market. We obtain the optimal order quantity at the beginning of a period and order quantities on contract and from the spot market at the then prevailing price after the forecast revision and before the demand materialization. The amount that can be purchased on contract ...

This article investigates a two-echelon reverse supply chain (RSC) where third-party logistics provider charges customers to return outdated products. A green manufacturer refurbishes qualified returned products through the remanufacturing process. Remanufacturing capacity is considered stochastic variable. Under volatility of capacity, some likely examined, and could not be remanufactured. If ...

We introduce a composite (CP) contract for a two-stage supply chain by organically combining two component contracts: a buy back (BB) contract and a quantity flexibility (QF) contract. The CP contract is shown to have advantages over both component contracts in terms of supply chain coordination, profit allocation, and risk allocation. In particular, we obtain the following results: (a) as long...

Using a real options framework, we value and analyze supply contracts characterized by exchange rate uncertainty, order quantity flexibility and supplier-switching options. Analogous to the portfolio optimization framework, our framework analyzes the incentives that the suppliers face in accepting order level flexibility. The resulting tradeoff (for the supplier) is a balance between greater vo...

the seller must deliver the goods in conformity with the contract. one of cases of conformity is its conformity with the contract in terms of quantity. namely, the seller must deliver the goods that are equal with the specified amount in the contract. in practice, the delivered goods may be larger than the amount specified in the contract. in iranian law, where the goods are larger than contrac...